Such mannerisms have no bearing on the success or failure of a s éance beyond the medium's belief in them. Also, over the years many mediums developed personal peculiarities that they passed on to the mediums they trained. Unfortunately, much of the common wisdom concerning s éances was derived from sittings that later proved to be fraudulent, including the great majority of s éances involving physical phenomena, and many of the conditions for a successful s éance touted by Spiritualists have little relationship to the manifestation of psychic phenomena or spirit contact. Both public and private s éances continue to be an indispensable feature of Spiritualism. In the early stages of the movement these s éances were conducted by private mediums who took no fee for their performances later, professional mediums arose whose s éances were open to the public for a fee. The gathering was too informal to be called a s éance, although all the necessary elements were present, but within the following two or three years, the concept of spirit communication spread throughout a large part of the eastern states and many Spiritualist s éance circles were formed. In 1848 the Fox family at Hydesville, New York, called in their neighbors to listen to mysterious rapping sounds, which later became famous as the " Rochester rappings " and were responsible for inaugurating the modern Spiritualist movement. At least one member of the group is usually a medium or at least possessed of some mediumistic powers. A major structure of Spiritualism, the s éance is a gathering of a small group of individuals who sit together to obtain paranormal manifestations or establish communication with the dead.
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